Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.The Land of Free Stuff1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.Online Education6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess."Old" Economy Greets the “New”9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.Where Do We Go Next?14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.8.Kofi Annan's United Nations Information Technology Service aims at _______.

Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.The Land of Free Stuff1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.Online Education6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess."Old" Economy Greets the “New”9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.Where Do We Go Next?14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.9.“State-of-the-art” in the sentence "Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries" (in Para.14) means ______.

Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.The Land of Free Stuff1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.Online Education6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess."Old" Economy Greets the “New”9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.Where Do We Go Next?14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.10.The author's main purpose is to ______.

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.Juvenile Crime — Outlook for California1.The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.2.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the public's concerns about juvenile crime. Despite these efforts, polls show that the public continues to see crime as one of the most pressing problems in society.3.In January 1994, we released our report Crime in Cali for ni a describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California.Difference Between the Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems.4.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults. Generally, the juvenile system emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders.The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlaw enforcement agencies. Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles “at-risk” of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.The State of Juvenile Crime in California.5.Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987. This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. It is likely that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile population. In order to address this growth in crime, policymakers will have to pursue multiple strategies including prevention, intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts.Contents of This Report.6.We have prepared this report in an effort to help those concerned with addressing the problems of juvenile crime. This report is not designed to present comprehensive answers to all of the questions concerning juvenile crime, but rather it provides basic information on the issues. It does this through a "quick-reference" document that relies heavily on charts to present information.What Is Juvenile Crime ?7.In its simplest definition, "crime" is any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned'91 punishment. This also can include the failure of a person to perform an act specifically required by law.Types of Offenses.8.Crimes,whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows：•A felony is the most serious offense,punishable by a sentence to a state institution (Youth Authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drug and property violations.•A misdemeanor is a less serious offense for which the offender may be sentenced to probation,county detention (in a juvenile facility or jail), a fine, or some co-mbination of the three. Misdemeanors generally include crimes such as assault and battery, petty theft, and public drunkenness.•An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. Many motor vehicle violations are considered infractions.9.Many types of crimes in California can be charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor (known as a “wobbler”)，or as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. Juveniles, like adults, can be charged with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction. However, as we discuss later, juveniles can also be charged with offenses that are unique to youth.Categories of Crimes.10.In general, felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions fall into one of three broad categories： violent, property, and drug-rela-ted. Violent crimes refer to events such as homicide, rape, and assault that result in an injury to a person.11.Property crimes are offenses with the intent of gaining property through the use or threat of force against a person. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are examples.12.Drug-related crimes, such as possession or sale of illegal narcotics，are generally in a separate category altogether. This is because such offenses do not fall under the defi-nition of either violent or property offenses.The Juvenile Justice System Is Different.13.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveni-les who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults. Separate courts, detention facilities, rules, procedures,and laws were created for juveni-les with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.14.Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations» their treatment is different from that of adults. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult" offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court； if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community； and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either other juveniles or adults. In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court； if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.Legal Categories of Juvenile Offenders.15.Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories ("criminal offenders" and "juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories ("informal probationers" and "status offenders")are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.Who Is Ireated As a Juvenile in California ?16.Generally, any individual age 18 or older is considered an adult and treated as such in California. Depending on the circumstances, however, someone as young as 14 can be tried in the adult court system and sentenced to the California Department of Corrections (CDC) and housed in the California Youth Authority (CYA) ； and if 16 years old can be sent to prison. On the other hand, someone as old as 24 can be incarcerated as a juvenile in the CYA.17.There are over 6,000 offenders incarcerated in the CYA who are age 18 or older. The CYA can accept juveniles younger than age 12 after a review by the CYA Director, however, these offenders generally are kept in the community under county probation supervision.How Much Juvenile Crime Is There in California ?18.Crime in California, whether committed by an adult or juvenile, is counted in two different ways. One is based on official reports to law enforcement agencies, and is reflected in the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data and the California Crime Index (CCI) data. Crime is also counted based on surveys of individuals to determine if they have been victims of crime, even though the crime may not have been reported to the police. The data is obtained through national victimization surveys.Limited Data Available About Juvenile Crime.19.Many types of data on juvenile crime are not collected or aggregated for the state. For example? we know how many juveniles were arrested for felonies and misdemeanors, but we don't know the disposition of those juvenile arrestees. This is because the state Department of Justice (DOJ) stopped collecting statewide disposition data for juveniles in 1990 for budgetary reasons. As a consequence, we do not know, since 1990, how many juvenile arrestees were adjudicated as juveniles or prosecuted as adults； how many were convicted； how many were placed on probation in the community or incarcerated at the local level. The DOJ reports that it will resume collecting these data in 1995-1996.20.Consequently, the most currently available data are limited to the number of juvenile arrests, juvenile arrest rates, and the number of juveniles incarcerated at the state level.Arrest "Rates."21.Crime data is often presented in terms of "rates." A rate is defined as the number of occurrences of an event within a given population. For example, the overall juvenile arrest rate for California in 1993 was 6,772.8, which means that there were about 7,773 juvenile arrests for every 100^000 youths under the age of 18.Crime Is Underreported.22.Crime statistics (for juveniles and adults) from law enforcement agencies don't tell the entire story about the extent of crime for two reasons. First, victimization surveys generally show there is a significant amount of crime committed each year that is not counted in official statistics because it is not reported to law enforcement authorities. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, in 1993 about two-thirds of all crimes went unreported to the police. Specifically, about 50 per cent of violent victimizations, almost 60 per cent of household crimes, and 70 per cent of all personal thefts went unreported.23.A second reason why crime is underreported is that when several crimes are committed by an offender at the same time, only one (usually the most severe) is counted in the data. For example, if a juvenile offender robbed a store, assaulted a clerk. and killed a customer, only the homicide would be reported.24.Juveniles Account for a Significant Number of All Arrests.•In 1993, juveniles accounted for 16 per cent of all felony arrests in California.•Juveniles accounted for 26 per cent of all property arrests and 14 per cent of violent crime arrests, in 1993.•In 19889 juveniles accounted for 24 per cent of property arrests and 12 per cent of violent arrests.25.How Many Juveniles Become Repeat Offenders?Findings :Small number of offenders commit majority of crime.Strong relationship between age at onset of criminal behavior and continued criminality.Based On:Research in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.Longitudinal study.Details:In Orange County, between 8 and 12 per cent of offenders account for 60 per cent of juvenile and subsequent adult crime.In Los Angeles County, research showed similar results.Other studies, including those from foreign courtiers, have drawn similar conclusions.These repeat offenders are arrested between 4 and 14 times during criminal careers.Younger the arrestee9 the greater likelihood of subsequent arrests.Caveats:Most individuals arrested as juveniles will not be arrested as adults.Large portion of arrested adults were not arrested as juveniles.1.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system, because _______.

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.Juvenile Crime — Outlook for California1.The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.2.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the public's concerns about juvenile crime. Despite these efforts, polls show that the public continues to see crime as one of the most pressing problems in society.3.In January 1994, we released our report Crime in Cali for ni a describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California.Difference Between the Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems.4.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults. Generally, the juvenile system emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders.The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlaw enforcement agencies. Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles “at-risk” of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.The State of Juvenile Crime in California.5.Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987. This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. It is likely that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile population. In order to address this growth in crime, policymakers will have to pursue multiple strategies including prevention, intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts.Contents of This Report.6.We have prepared this report in an effort to help those concerned with addressing the problems of juvenile crime. This report is not designed to present comprehensive answers to all of the questions concerning juvenile crime, but rather it provides basic information on the issues. It does this through a "quick-reference" document that relies heavily on charts to present information.What Is Juvenile Crime ?7.In its simplest definition, "crime" is any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned'91 punishment. This also can include the failure of a person to perform an act specifically required by law.Types of Offenses.8.Crimes,whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows：•A felony is the most serious offense,punishable by a sentence to a state institution (Youth Authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drug and property violations.•A misdemeanor is a less serious offense for which the offender may be sentenced to probation,county detention (in a juvenile facility or jail), a fine, or some co-mbination of the three. Misdemeanors generally include crimes such as assault and battery, petty theft, and public drunkenness.•An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. Many motor vehicle violations are considered infractions.9.Many types of crimes in California can be charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor (known as a “wobbler”)，or as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. Juveniles, like adults, can be charged with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction. However, as we discuss later, juveniles can also be charged with offenses that are unique to youth.Categories of Crimes.10.In general, felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions fall into one of three broad categories： violent, property, and drug-rela-ted. Violent crimes refer to events such as homicide, rape, and assault that result in an injury to a person.11.Property crimes are offenses with the intent of gaining property through the use or threat of force against a person. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are examples.12.Drug-related crimes, such as possession or sale of illegal narcotics，are generally in a separate category altogether. This is because such offenses do not fall under the defi-nition of either violent or property offenses.The Juvenile Justice System Is Different.13.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveni-les who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults. Separate courts, detention facilities, rules, procedures,and laws were created for juveni-les with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.14.Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations» their treatment is different from that of adults. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult" offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court； if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community； and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either other juveniles or adults. In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court； if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.Legal Categories of Juvenile Offenders.15.Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories ("criminal offenders" and "juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories ("informal probationers" and "status offenders")are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.Who Is Ireated As a Juvenile in California ?16.Generally, any individual age 18 or older is considered an adult and treated as such in California. Depending on the circumstances, however, someone as young as 14 can be tried in the adult court system and sentenced to the California Department of Corrections (CDC) and housed in the California Youth Authority (CYA) ； and if 16 years old can be sent to prison. On the other hand, someone as old as 24 can be incarcerated as a juvenile in the CYA.17.There are over 6,000 offenders incarcerated in the CYA who are age 18 or older. The CYA can accept juveniles younger than age 12 after a review by the CYA Director, however, these offenders generally are kept in the community under county probation supervision.How Much Juvenile Crime Is There in California ?18.Crime in California, whether committed by an adult or juvenile, is counted in two different ways. One is based on official reports to law enforcement agencies, and is reflected in the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data and the California Crime Index (CCI) data. Crime is also counted based on surveys of individuals to determine if they have been victims of crime, even though the crime may not have been reported to the police. The data is obtained through national victimization surveys.Limited Data Available About Juvenile Crime.19.Many types of data on juvenile crime are not collected or aggregated for the state. For example? we know how many juveniles were arrested for felonies and misdemeanors, but we don't know the disposition of those juvenile arrestees. This is because the state Department of Justice (DOJ) stopped collecting statewide disposition data for juveniles in 1990 for budgetary reasons. As a consequence, we do not know, since 1990, how many juvenile arrestees were adjudicated as juveniles or prosecuted as adults； how many were convicted； how many were placed on probation in the community or incarcerated at the local level. The DOJ reports that it will resume collecting these data in 1995-1996.20.Consequently, the most currently available data are limited to the number of juvenile arrests, juvenile arrest rates, and the number of juveniles incarcerated at the state level.Arrest "Rates."21.Crime data is often presented in terms of "rates." A rate is defined as the number of occurrences of an event within a given population. For example, the overall juvenile arrest rate for California in 1993 was 6,772.8, which means that there were about 7,773 juvenile arrests for every 100^000 youths under the age of 18.Crime Is Underreported.22.Crime statistics (for juveniles and adults) from law enforcement agencies don't tell the entire story about the extent of crime for two reasons. First, victimization surveys generally show there is a significant amount of crime committed each year that is not counted in official statistics because it is not reported to law enforcement authorities. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, in 1993 about two-thirds of all crimes went unreported to the police. Specifically, about 50 per cent of violent victimizations, almost 60 per cent of household crimes, and 70 per cent of all personal thefts went unreported.23.A second reason why crime is underreported is that when several crimes are committed by an offender at the same time, only one (usually the most severe) is counted in the data. For example, if a juvenile offender robbed a store, assaulted a clerk. and killed a customer, only the homicide would be reported.24.Juveniles Account for a Significant Number of All Arrests.•In 1993, juveniles accounted for 16 per cent of all felony arrests in California.•Juveniles accounted for 26 per cent of all property arrests and 14 per cent of violent crime arrests, in 1993.•In 19889 juveniles accounted for 24 per cent of property arrests and 12 per cent of violent arrests.25.How Many Juveniles Become Repeat Offenders?Findings :Small number of offenders commit majority of crime.Strong relationship between age at onset of criminal behavior and continued criminality.Based On:Research in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.Longitudinal study.Details:In Orange County, between 8 and 12 per cent of offenders account for 60 per cent of juvenile and subsequent adult crime.In Los Angeles County, research showed similar results.Other studies, including those from foreign courtiers, have drawn similar conclusions.These repeat offenders are arrested between 4 and 14 times during criminal careers.Younger the arrestee9 the greater likelihood of subsequent arrests.Caveats:Most individuals arrested as juveniles will not be arrested as adults.Large portion of arrested adults were not arrested as juveniles.2.According to the passage, which one of the following statements is true about difference between the juvenile justice system and the adult justice system?

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.Juvenile Crime — Outlook for California1.The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.2.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the public's concerns about juvenile crime. Despite these efforts, polls show that the public continues to see crime as one of the most pressing problems in society.3.In January 1994, we released our report Crime in Cali for ni a describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California.Difference Between the Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems.4.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults. Generally, the juvenile system emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders.The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlaw enforcement agencies. Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles “at-risk” of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.The State of Juvenile Crime in California.5.Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987. This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. It is likely that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile population. In order to address this growth in crime, policymakers will have to pursue multiple strategies including prevention, intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts.Contents of This Report.6.We have prepared this report in an effort to help those concerned with addressing the problems of juvenile crime. This report is not designed to present comprehensive answers to all of the questions concerning juvenile crime, but rather it provides basic information on the issues. It does this through a "quick-reference" document that relies heavily on charts to present information.What Is Juvenile Crime ?7.In its simplest definition, "crime" is any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned'91 punishment. This also can include the failure of a person to perform an act specifically required by law.Types of Offenses.8.Crimes,whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows：•A felony is the most serious offense,punishable by a sentence to a state institution (Youth Authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drug and property violations.•A misdemeanor is a less serious offense for which the offender may be sentenced to probation,county detention (in a juvenile facility or jail), a fine, or some co-mbination of the three. Misdemeanors generally include crimes such as assault and battery, petty theft, and public drunkenness.•An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. Many motor vehicle violations are considered infractions.9.Many types of crimes in California can be charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor (known as a “wobbler”)，or as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. Juveniles, like adults, can be charged with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction. However, as we discuss later, juveniles can also be charged with offenses that are unique to youth.Categories of Crimes.10.In general, felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions fall into one of three broad categories： violent, property, and drug-rela-ted. Violent crimes refer to events such as homicide, rape, and assault that result in an injury to a person.11.Property crimes are offenses with the intent of gaining property through the use or threat of force against a person. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are examples.12.Drug-related crimes, such as possession or sale of illegal narcotics，are generally in a separate category altogether. This is because such offenses do not fall under the defi-nition of either violent or property offenses.The Juvenile Justice System Is Different.13.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveni-les who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults. Separate courts, detention facilities, rules, procedures,and laws were created for juveni-les with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.14.Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations» their treatment is different from that of adults. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult" offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court； if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community； and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either other juveniles or adults. In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court； if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.Legal Categories of Juvenile Offenders.15.Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories ("criminal offenders" and "juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories ("informal probationers" and "status offenders")are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.Who Is Ireated As a Juvenile in California ?16.Generally, any individual age 18 or older is considered an adult and treated as such in California. Depending on the circumstances, however, someone as young as 14 can be tried in the adult court system and sentenced to the California Department of Corrections (CDC) and housed in the California Youth Authority (CYA) ； and if 16 years old can be sent to prison. On the other hand, someone as old as 24 can be incarcerated as a juvenile in the CYA.17.There are over 6,000 offenders incarcerated in the CYA who are age 18 or older. The CYA can accept juveniles younger than age 12 after a review by the CYA Director, however, these offenders generally are kept in the community under county probation supervision.How Much Juvenile Crime Is There in California ?18.Crime in California, whether committed by an adult or juvenile, is counted in two different ways. One is based on official reports to law enforcement agencies, and is reflected in the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data and the California Crime Index (CCI) data. Crime is also counted based on surveys of individuals to determine if they have been victims of crime, even though the crime may not have been reported to the police. The data is obtained through national victimization surveys.Limited Data Available About Juvenile Crime.19.Many types of data on juvenile crime are not collected or aggregated for the state. For example? we know how many juveniles were arrested for felonies and misdemeanors, but we don't know the disposition of those juvenile arrestees. This is because the state Department of Justice (DOJ) stopped collecting statewide disposition data for juveniles in 1990 for budgetary reasons. As a consequence, we do not know, since 1990, how many juvenile arrestees were adjudicated as juveniles or prosecuted as adults； how many were convicted； how many were placed on probation in the community or incarcerated at the local level. The DOJ reports that it will resume collecting these data in 1995-1996.20.Consequently, the most currently available data are limited to the number of juvenile arrests, juvenile arrest rates, and the number of juveniles incarcerated at the state level.Arrest "Rates."21.Crime data is often presented in terms of "rates." A rate is defined as the number of occurrences of an event within a given population. For example, the overall juvenile arrest rate for California in 1993 was 6,772.8, which means that there were about 7,773 juvenile arrests for every 100^000 youths under the age of 18.Crime Is Underreported.22.Crime statistics (for juveniles and adults) from law enforcement agencies don't tell the entire story about the extent of crime for two reasons. First, victimization surveys generally show there is a significant amount of crime committed each year that is not counted in official statistics because it is not reported to law enforcement authorities. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, in 1993 about two-thirds of all crimes went unreported to the police. Specifically, about 50 per cent of violent victimizations, almost 60 per cent of household crimes, and 70 per cent of all personal thefts went unreported.23.A second reason why crime is underreported is that when several crimes are committed by an offender at the same time, only one (usually the most severe) is counted in the data. For example, if a juvenile offender robbed a store, assaulted a clerk. and killed a customer, only the homicide would be reported.24.Juveniles Account for a Significant Number of All Arrests.•In 1993, juveniles accounted for 16 per cent of all felony arrests in California.•Juveniles accounted for 26 per cent of all property arrests and 14 per cent of violent crime arrests, in 1993.•In 19889 juveniles accounted for 24 per cent of property arrests and 12 per cent of violent arrests.25.How Many Juveniles Become Repeat Offenders?Findings :Small number of offenders commit majority of crime.Strong relationship between age at onset of criminal behavior and continued criminality.Based On:Research in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.Longitudinal study.Details:In Orange County, between 8 and 12 per cent of offenders account for 60 per cent of juvenile and subsequent adult crime.In Los Angeles County, research showed similar results.Other studies, including those from foreign courtiers, have drawn similar conclusions.These repeat offenders are arrested between 4 and 14 times during criminal careers.Younger the arrestee9 the greater likelihood of subsequent arrests.Caveats:Most individuals arrested as juveniles will not be arrested as adults.Large portion of arrested adults were not arrested as juveniles.3.Which one of the following strategies is NOT the one that policymakers in California will pursue to address the juvenile crime growth?