I've seen some big bumblebees in my time, but nothing like South America's Bombus dahlbomii.“It looks like a flying mouse," says Sarina Jepsen, endangered species program director for the The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. “It's huge, colorful and incredibly charismatic." B.dahlbomii is, in fact, the world's largest bumblebee. Native to the Patagonia region of Argentina and Chile, the queens of the species can reach an amazing four centimeters in length. That's eight times the size of one of the most recognizable North American species, the American bumblebee (B. pensylvanicus). The Patagonian bumblebee's notable size doesn't offer them much protection, though. Over the past decade the species has been wiped out from much of its historic range. It's unknown exactly how many remain. So how did this massive species disappear in such a small amount of time? To answer that question, we need to go back to 1997. That's the year that two European bumblebee species-- Hlarge garden bumblebees (B. ruderatus) and buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris)- -were imported to Chile for the purpose of pollinating greenhouse agricultural crops. Some of the bees spread to the wild and they reached Patagonia in 2006. That's when the devastation started. Not only did the buff-tailed bumblebees present some competition for the native variety, they were also infected with a parasitic protozoan called Apicystis bombi that, as you might guess from its name, targets many honeybees and bumblebees. The parasite-which does not appear to afflict the buff-tailed bumblebees-infects the guts, then spreads to other parts of the body. Still poorly understood, it appears to cause behavioral changes that result in a high level of worker bee mortality and slows the establishment of new colonies. “We need immediate action to help these bumblebees," Jepsen says. The most important first steps will be to figure out how the pathogen is being transmitted among B. dahlbomii and how the invading species are competing with the natives for food and habitat. The work to find that information begins soon. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has launched a fundraising campaign to help raise the money necessary to evaluate the health and risks of B. dahlbomii and 100 other lttle-studied bumblebee species. “Funding is difficult to come by and we need to fast track the process," says Paul Williams, chair of the IUCN Bumblebee Specialist Group. He says the group already has some funding but the outreach will.help to fill the gap and also serve to engage the public in the plight of the world's bumblebees. Meanwhile Jepsen worries about pathogens like this spreading to other species as bees are imported from country to country and continent to continent. She's not alone; a 2013 paper published in the Journal of Applied Ecology warned that more than a million commercial bumblebee colonies are imported worldwide every year. Tests on colonies from three producers found that 77 percent of them carried microbial parasites, including A. bombi. The researchers dubbed the problem“Trojan hives." As a result of that paper, the British Ecological Society and Bumblebee Conservation Trust called for strict controls of bumblebee imports in order to protect the U.K.'s native bees. It's obviously too late for new controls to protect the“flying mouse," but research by the IUCN's bumblebee team will now seek to find out how endangered the species has become. Hopefully in the process they can come up with solutions to help save it.What does the passage mainly discuss?

I've seen some big bumblebees in my time, but nothing like South America's Bombus dahlbomii.“It looks like a flying mouse," says Sarina Jepsen, endangered species program director for the The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. “It's huge, colorful and incredibly charismatic." B.dahlbomii is, in fact, the world's largest bumblebee. Native to the Patagonia region of Argentina and Chile, the queens of the species can reach an amazing four centimeters in length. That's eight times the size of one of the most recognizable North American species, the American bumblebee (B. pensylvanicus). The Patagonian bumblebee's notable size doesn't offer them much protection, though. Over the past decade the species has been wiped out from much of its historic range. It's unknown exactly how many remain. So how did this massive species disappear in such a small amount of time? To answer that question, we need to go back to 1997. That's the year that two European bumblebee species-- Hlarge garden bumblebees (B. ruderatus) and buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris)- -were imported to Chile for the purpose of pollinating greenhouse agricultural crops. Some of the bees spread to the wild and they reached Patagonia in 2006. That's when the devastation started. Not only did the buff-tailed bumblebees present some competition for the native variety, they were also infected with a parasitic protozoan called Apicystis bombi that, as you might guess from its name, targets many honeybees and bumblebees. The parasite-which does not appear to afflict the buff-tailed bumblebees-infects the guts, then spreads to other parts of the body. Still poorly understood, it appears to cause behavioral changes that result in a high level of worker bee mortality and slows the establishment of new colonies. “We need immediate action to help these bumblebees," Jepsen says. The most important first steps will be to figure out how the pathogen is being transmitted among B. dahlbomii and how the invading species are competing with the natives for food and habitat. The work to find that information begins soon. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has launched a fundraising campaign to help raise the money necessary to evaluate the health and risks of B. dahlbomii and 100 other lttle-studied bumblebee species. “Funding is difficult to come by and we need to fast track the process," says Paul Williams, chair of the IUCN Bumblebee Specialist Group. He says the group already has some funding but the outreach will.help to fill the gap and also serve to engage the public in the plight of the world's bumblebees. Meanwhile Jepsen worries about pathogens like this spreading to other species as bees are imported from country to country and continent to continent. She's not alone; a 2013 paper published in the Journal of Applied Ecology warned that more than a million commercial bumblebee colonies are imported worldwide every year. Tests on colonies from three producers found that 77 percent of them carried microbial parasites, including A. bombi. The researchers dubbed the problem“Trojan hives." As a result of that paper, the British Ecological Society and Bumblebee Conservation Trust called for strict controls of bumblebee imports in order to protect the U.K.'s native bees. It's obviously too late for new controls to protect the“flying mouse," but research by the IUCN's bumblebee team will now seek to find out how endangered the species has become. Hopefully in the process they can come up with solutions to help save it.All of the following refer to the same thing in the passage EXCEPT _________.

I've seen some big bumblebees in my time, but nothing like South America's Bombus dahlbomii.“It looks like a flying mouse," says Sarina Jepsen, endangered species program director for the The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. “It's huge, colorful and incredibly charismatic." B.dahlbomii is, in fact, the world's largest bumblebee. Native to the Patagonia region of Argentina and Chile, the queens of the species can reach an amazing four centimeters in length. That's eight times the size of one of the most recognizable North American species, the American bumblebee (B. pensylvanicus). The Patagonian bumblebee's notable size doesn't offer them much protection, though. Over the past decade the species has been wiped out from much of its historic range. It's unknown exactly how many remain. So how did this massive species disappear in such a small amount of time? To answer that question, we need to go back to 1997. That's the year that two European bumblebee species-- Hlarge garden bumblebees (B. ruderatus) and buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris)- -were imported to Chile for the purpose of pollinating greenhouse agricultural crops. Some of the bees spread to the wild and they reached Patagonia in 2006. That's when the devastation started. Not only did the buff-tailed bumblebees present some competition for the native variety, they were also infected with a parasitic protozoan called Apicystis bombi that, as you might guess from its name, targets many honeybees and bumblebees. The parasite-which does not appear to afflict the buff-tailed bumblebees-infects the guts, then spreads to other parts of the body. Still poorly understood, it appears to cause behavioral changes that result in a high level of worker bee mortality and slows the establishment of new colonies. “We need immediate action to help these bumblebees," Jepsen says. The most important first steps will be to figure out how the pathogen is being transmitted among B. dahlbomii and how the invading species are competing with the natives for food and habitat. The work to find that information begins soon. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has launched a fundraising campaign to help raise the money necessary to evaluate the health and risks of B. dahlbomii and 100 other lttle-studied bumblebee species. “Funding is difficult to come by and we need to fast track the process," says Paul Williams, chair of the IUCN Bumblebee Specialist Group. He says the group already has some funding but the outreach will.help to fill the gap and also serve to engage the public in the plight of the world's bumblebees. Meanwhile Jepsen worries about pathogens like this spreading to other species as bees are imported from country to country and continent to continent. She's not alone; a 2013 paper published in the Journal of Applied Ecology warned that more than a million commercial bumblebee colonies are imported worldwide every year. Tests on colonies from three producers found that 77 percent of them carried microbial parasites, including A. bombi. The researchers dubbed the problem“Trojan hives." As a result of that paper, the British Ecological Society and Bumblebee Conservation Trust called for strict controls of bumblebee imports in order to protect the U.K.'s native bees. It's obviously too late for new controls to protect the“flying mouse," but research by the IUCN's bumblebee team will now seek to find out how endangered the species has become. Hopefully in the process they can come up with solutions to help save it.The phrase 'come by”in line 4, paragraph 7，is closest in meaning to_________

I've seen some big bumblebees in my time, but nothing like South America's Bombus dahlbomii.“It looks like a flying mouse," says Sarina Jepsen, endangered species program director for the The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. “It's huge, colorful and incredibly charismatic." B.dahlbomii is, in fact, the world's largest bumblebee. Native to the Patagonia region of Argentina and Chile, the queens of the species can reach an amazing four centimeters in length. That's eight times the size of one of the most recognizable North American species, the American bumblebee (B. pensylvanicus). The Patagonian bumblebee's notable size doesn't offer them much protection, though. Over the past decade the species has been wiped out from much of its historic range. It's unknown exactly how many remain. So how did this massive species disappear in such a small amount of time? To answer that question, we need to go back to 1997. That's the year that two European bumblebee species-- Hlarge garden bumblebees (B. ruderatus) and buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris)- -were imported to Chile for the purpose of pollinating greenhouse agricultural crops. Some of the bees spread to the wild and they reached Patagonia in 2006. That's when the devastation started. Not only did the buff-tailed bumblebees present some competition for the native variety, they were also infected with a parasitic protozoan called Apicystis bombi that, as you might guess from its name, targets many honeybees and bumblebees. The parasite-which does not appear to afflict the buff-tailed bumblebees-infects the guts, then spreads to other parts of the body. Still poorly understood, it appears to cause behavioral changes that result in a high level of worker bee mortality and slows the establishment of new colonies. “We need immediate action to help these bumblebees," Jepsen says. The most important first steps will be to figure out how the pathogen is being transmitted among B. dahlbomii and how the invading species are competing with the natives for food and habitat. The work to find that information begins soon. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has launched a fundraising campaign to help raise the money necessary to evaluate the health and risks of B. dahlbomii and 100 other lttle-studied bumblebee species. “Funding is difficult to come by and we need to fast track the process," says Paul Williams, chair of the IUCN Bumblebee Specialist Group. He says the group already has some funding but the outreach will.help to fill the gap and also serve to engage the public in the plight of the world's bumblebees. Meanwhile Jepsen worries about pathogens like this spreading to other species as bees are imported from country to country and continent to continent. She's not alone; a 2013 paper published in the Journal of Applied Ecology warned that more than a million commercial bumblebee colonies are imported worldwide every year. Tests on colonies from three producers found that 77 percent of them carried microbial parasites, including A. bombi. The researchers dubbed the problem“Trojan hives." As a result of that paper, the British Ecological Society and Bumblebee Conservation Trust called for strict controls of bumblebee imports in order to protect the U.K.'s native bees. It's obviously too late for new controls to protect the“flying mouse," but research by the IUCN's bumblebee team will now seek to find out how endangered the species has become. Hopefully in the process they can come up with solutions to help save it.How did the buff-tailed bumblebees come to South America?

I've seen some big bumblebees in my time, but nothing like South America's Bombus dahlbomii.“It looks like a flying mouse," says Sarina Jepsen, endangered species program director for the The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. “It's huge, colorful and incredibly charismatic." B.dahlbomii is, in fact, the world's largest bumblebee. Native to the Patagonia region of Argentina and Chile, the queens of the species can reach an amazing four centimeters in length. That's eight times the size of one of the most recognizable North American species, the American bumblebee (B. pensylvanicus). The Patagonian bumblebee's notable size doesn't offer them much protection, though. Over the past decade the species has been wiped out from much of its historic range. It's unknown exactly how many remain. So how did this massive species disappear in such a small amount of time? To answer that question, we need to go back to 1997. That's the year that two European bumblebee species-- Hlarge garden bumblebees (B. ruderatus) and buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris)- -were imported to Chile for the purpose of pollinating greenhouse agricultural crops. Some of the bees spread to the wild and they reached Patagonia in 2006. That's when the devastation started. Not only did the buff-tailed bumblebees present some competition for the native variety, they were also infected with a parasitic protozoan called Apicystis bombi that, as you might guess from its name, targets many honeybees and bumblebees. The parasite-which does not appear to afflict the buff-tailed bumblebees-infects the guts, then spreads to other parts of the body. Still poorly understood, it appears to cause behavioral changes that result in a high level of worker bee mortality and slows the establishment of new colonies. “We need immediate action to help these bumblebees," Jepsen says. The most important first steps will be to figure out how the pathogen is being transmitted among B. dahlbomii and how the invading species are competing with the natives for food and habitat. The work to find that information begins soon. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has launched a fundraising campaign to help raise the money necessary to evaluate the health and risks of B. dahlbomii and 100 other lttle-studied bumblebee species. “Funding is difficult to come by and we need to fast track the process," says Paul Williams, chair of the IUCN Bumblebee Specialist Group. He says the group already has some funding but the outreach will.help to fill the gap and also serve to engage the public in the plight of the world's bumblebees. Meanwhile Jepsen worries about pathogens like this spreading to other species as bees are imported from country to country and continent to continent. She's not alone; a 2013 paper published in the Journal of Applied Ecology warned that more than a million commercial bumblebee colonies are imported worldwide every year. Tests on colonies from three producers found that 77 percent of them carried microbial parasites, including A. bombi. The researchers dubbed the problem“Trojan hives." As a result of that paper, the British Ecological Society and Bumblebee Conservation Trust called for strict controls of bumblebee imports in order to protect the U.K.'s native bees. It's obviously too late for new controls to protect the“flying mouse," but research by the IUCN's bumblebee team will now seek to find out how endangered the species has become. Hopefully in the process they can come up with solutions to help save it.Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the B. dahlbomii species?

Procrastination is a well-known and serious behavioral problem involving both practical and psychological implications. Taxpayers commonly put off submitting their annual returms until the last minute, risking mathematical errors in their frenzy to file. Lawmakers notoriously dawdle and filibuster before enacting sometimes rash and iladvised legislation at the eleventh hour. And, students burn the midnight oil to get their term papers submitted before the impending deadline, precluding proper polishing and proofreading. For these reasons, we are cautioned not to procrastinate: Don’t put of until tomorrow whal you can do today. He who hesitates is lost. Procrastination is the thief of time. However, the opposite of procrastination can also be a serious problem一a tendency we call“pre- crastination." Pre crastination is the inclination to complete tasks quickly just for the sake of getting things done sooner rather than later. People answer emails immediately rather than carefuly contemplating their replies. People pay bills as soon as they arrive, thus failing to collect interest income.' And, people grab items when they first enter the grocery store, carry them to the back of the store, pick up more groceries at the back, and then returm to the front of the store to pay and exit, thus toting the items farther than necessary. Familiar adages also warn of the hazards of pre-crastinating: Measure nwice, cut once. Mary in haste, repent at leisure.Look before you leap. We first found striking evidence of pre crastination in a laboratory study exploring the economics of effort. College students were asked to carry one of a pair of buckets: one on the left side of a walkway and one on the right side of the same walkway. The students were instructed to carry whichever bucket seemed easier to take to the end of the walkway. We expected students to choose the bucket closer to the end because it would have to be carried a shorter distance. Surprisingly, they preferred the bucket closer to the starting point, actually carrying it farther. When asked why they did so, most students said something like,“I wanted to get the task done as soon as possible," even though this choice did not in fact complete the task sooner. Nine experiments involving more than 250 students failed to reveal what might have been so compelling about picking up the nearer bucket. Although some hidden benefit may await discovery, a simple hypothesis is that getting something done, or coming closer to getting it done, is inherently rewarding. No matter how trivial the achievement, even something as inconsequential as picking up a bucket may serve as its own reward. Is pre-crastination一exhibited by college students, bill payers, e mailers, and shoppers - a symptom of our harried lives? The other study from our laboratories suggests it is not: ; that experiment was done with pigeons. The birds could earn food by pecking a touchscreen three times: first, into a square in the center of the screen; second, into the same square or into a square that randomly appeared to the left or right of it; and third, into a side square after a star appeared within it. Critically, food was given after the final peck regardless of whether. the second peck struck the center square or the side square where the star would be presented. The pigeons directed their second peck to the side square, hence moving to the goal position as soon as they could even though there was no obvious or extra reward for doing so. Thus, the pigeons pre-crastinated. What does the passage mainly discuss?